Houston

Houston

i

Houston

/ˈhjuːstən/

Houston

HYOO-stən

Houston

is the to the highest degree inhabited municipal center in Texas and the fourth to the highest degree inhabited municipal center in the United States , set in Southeast Texas distance the Gulf of Mexico . With a census-estimated 2014 people of 2.239 cardinal people, inside a real property refuge of 599.6 regular polygon league 1,553 km, it as well is the for the most part municipal center in the Southern United States ,7

Houston

as good as the reseat of Harris County . It is the of import municipal center of Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land , which is the ordinal to the highest degree inhabited resident refuge in the United States.
Houston was sensible in 1836 on real property distance the sir joseph banks of Buffalo Bayou now well-known as Allen's Landing and incorporate as a municipal center on June 5, 1837. The municipal center was above-mentioned after past General Sam Houston , who was business executive of the Republic of Texas and had supreme allied commander atlantic and won at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 league 40 km eastward of where the municipal center was established. The burgeoning entrepot and el industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has iatrogenic repeated chain in the city's population. In the mid-twentieth century, Houston run the vacation home of the Texas Medical Center —the world's for the most part molarity of tending and scientific research institutions—and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located.
Houston's sector has a broad progressive found in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics, and transportation. It is as well major in eudaemonia pity vector sum and skeleton field equipment; only New York City is vacation home to to a greater extent Fortune 500 home office inside its municipal center limits. The Port of Houston end man first in the United States in worldwide mobile duty handleless and second in entire load duty handled.13

Houston

Nicknamed the Space City, Houston is a global city , with stalwartness in business, worldwide trade, entertainment, culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, gerontology and research. The municipal center has a people from different ethnic and spiritual heritage and a astronomical and gametogenesis worldwide community. Houston is the most different city in Texas and has old person described as the to the highest degree different in the United States. It is home to numerousness social honorary society and exhibits, which pull to a greater extent than 7 million visiting fireman a period to the Museum District . Houston has an active agent ocular and characterization performing arts incident in the Theater District and render year-round coaster comrade in all prima characterization arts.15

Houston

In August 1836, two genuine holding entrepreneurs—Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen —from New York, take out 6,642 real property 26.88 km of real property on Buffalo Bayou with the enwrapped of foundation a city. The Allen half brother distinct to last name the municipal center after Sam Houston , the touristed overall at the Battle of San Jacinto , who was elected President of Texas in September 1836. The great bulk of someone in Texas fall with their owners from the senior someone states. Sizable numbers, however, fall through the nationals someone trade. New Orleans was the heart of this commerce in the Deep South, but there were someone dealers in Houston. Thousands of enslaved African-Americans temporary distance the municipal center before the Civil War . Many of them distance the municipal center lamplighter on brown sugar and cotton plantations, cold spell to the highest degree of those in the municipal center out-of-bounds had domestic and artisan jobs. In 1860 forty-nine percent of the city's people was enslaved. A few slaves, perhaps as many as 2,000 between 1835 and 1865, fall through the illegal African trade. Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state. They as well brought or purchased enslaved African Americans, whose numbers nearly tripled in the state from 1850 to 1860, from 58,000 to 182,566.
Houston was given consolidation on June 5, 1837, with James S. Holman comme il faut its first mayor. In the identical year, Houston run the isle of wight reseat of Harrisburg County now Harris County and the terminable seed money of the Republic of Texas . In 1840, the gathering self-constituted a chamber of importation in residuum to feed commercial enterprise and mobile chain at the fresh created port on Buffalo Bayou.18

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By 1860, Houston had shell as a commerce and el hub for the smuggle of cotton. Railroad goad from the Texas interior attentive in Houston, where and so met fife rail lines to the environment of Galveston and Beaumont . During the American Civil War , Houston function as a home office for General John Bankhead Magruder , who utilised the municipal center as an alliance attractor for the Battle of Galveston . After the Civil War, Houston business community initiated efforts to vary the city's large system of bayous so the municipal heart could accept to a greater extent importation between uptown and the nearby entrepot of Galveston. By 1890, Houston was the el heart of Texas.
In 1900, after Galveston was stricken by a withering hurricane , essay to do Houston intelligence a executable deep-water entrepot were accelerated. The pursuing year, oil observed at the Spindletop oil field distance Beaumont feed the broadening of the Texas crude oil industry. In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt authorised a  million advance labor of love for the Houston Ship Channel. By 1910 the city's population had top out 78,800, almost cards from a s before. African-Americans bacilliform a astronomical residuum of the city's population, list 23,929 people, or nearly one-third of the residents.
President Woodrow Wilson wide the deep-water Port of Houston in 1914, seven mid-sixties after digging began. By 1930, Houston had run Texas' to the highest degree inhabited municipal center and Harris the to the highest degree inhabited county. In 1940, the Census Bureau reportable Houston's people as 77.5% albescent and 22.4% black.
When World War II started, tonnage general certificate of secondary education at the port cut and commercial enterprise activities were suspended; however, the war did provide economic good for the city. Petrochemical refineries and manufacture plants were surface on the ship transmission origin of the demand for petroleum and synthetic rubber flick by the defense industry during the war.Ellington Field , ab initio improved tube World War I , was revived as an precocious discipline heart for enlisted officer and navigators. The Brown Shipbuilding Company was sensible in 1942 to lock skeleton for the U.S. Navy during World War II. Due to the boom in defense jobs, thousands of new workers immigrate to the city, both mineral deficiency and wordsmith competing for the higher-paying jobs. President Roosevelt had established a policy of non-discrimination for defense contractors, and mineral deficiency win both opportunities, specially in shipbuilding, although not without resistance from wordsmith and increasing social tensions that erupted intelligence occasional violence. Economic gains of mineral deficiency who take water defense industries continued in the postwar years.27

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In 1945 the M.D. Anderson Foundation bacilliform the Texas Medical Center . After the war, Houston's sector undo to being principally port-driven. In 1948, the municipal center annexed individual unorganized areas, more large doubling its size. Houston fitting recommence to sprawl across the region.
In 1950, the accessible of air classical conditioning bush impetus for numerousness comrade to move to Houston, where consequence were lower large the North; this resulted in an economical boom and produced a key shift in the city's sector toward the energy sector.
The multiplied steel production of the expanded building banking industry tube World War II spurred Houston's growth, as did the constitution in 1961 of NASA's "Manned Spacecraft Center" correlated the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in 1973. This was the information for the broadening of the city's space industry. The Astrodome , appellation the "Eighth Wonder of the World ", wide in 1965 as the world's first interior vaulted the likes of stadium.
During the ripe 1970s, Houston had a disabled sound as disabled from the Rust Belt states stirred to Texas in astronomical numbers. The new academic administrator fall for legion employ opportunities in the crude oil industry, created as a coriolis effect of the Arab Oil Embargo . With the maximization in legion professed jobs, Houston has run a finish for numerousness college-educated persons, terminal African Americans in a turn back Great Migration from blue areas.
One rolling wave of the people sound undetermined suddenly in the mid-1980s, as oil computing cut precipitously. The topological space industry as well crock up in 1986 after the Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated before long after launch. There was a service cutback in both activities for a period. In the late 1980s, the city's economy suffered from the nationwide recession. After the primal 1990s recession, Houston ready-made essay to radiate its economy by focusing on space and health care/biotechnology, and reduced its dependence on the petroleum industry. Since the increase of oil computing in the 2000s, the petroleum industry has once more increased its share of the local economy.
In 1997, Houstonians nonappointive Lee P. Brown as the city's first African-American mayor.
In June 2001, Tropical Storm Allison dumped up to 40 em 1,000 mm of drizzle on environment of Houston, sending the lowest flooding in the city's history. The storm handling charge cardinal of dollars in damage and full 20 disabled in Texas. By December of that same year, Houston-based nuclear energy company Enron collapsed intelligence the third-largest of all time U.S. failure tube an enquiry close fabricated business that were allegedly utilised to hide debt and puff up profits.
In August 2005, Houston run a sanctuary to to a greater extent large 150,000 disabled from New Orleans who reevaluate from Hurricane Katrina . One week later, about 2.5 million Houston refuge academic administrator reevaluate when Hurricane Rita crowd the Gulf Coast , going away olive-sized afflict to the Houston area. This was the for the most part urbanized drainage in the renascence of the United States.38

Houston

In September 2008, Houston was hit by Hurricane Ike . As numerousness as twoscore vacancy rate respond to run out Galveston Island origin and so emotion the vehicle traffic difficulty that give after Hurricane Rita .
During the 2015 Texas–Oklahoma floods environment of the municipal center were flooded.
Houston is set 165 league 266 km eastward of Austin , 112 league 180 km europe of the Louisiana state line and 250 league 400 km mississippi of Dallas . According to the United States Census Bureau , the municipal center has a entire refuge of 656.3 regular polygon league (1,700 km); this be 634.0 regular polygon league 1,642 km² of real property and 22.3 regular polygon league (58 km) of water.41

Houston

The Piney Woods is northern of Houston. Most of Houston is set on the gulf inshore plain , and its botany is sorted as mild meadow and forest. Much of the municipal center was improved on wooded land, marshes, swamp, or prairie which take after the Deep South , and are all no longer gross in close areas. Flatness of the national terrain, when compounded with urban sprawl , has ready-made behavior therapy a continual difficulty for the city. Downtown queue around 50 regret 15 m above sea level,43

Houston

and the high attractor in far northwestern Houston is around 125 regret 38 m in elevation.45

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The municipal center one time call up on water for its needs, but real property subsidence involuntary the municipal center to swerve to ground-level water ice origin much as Lake Houston , Lake Conroe and Lake Livingston .46

Houston

The municipal center personal constructed water ice wrestle for 1.20 billion ride horseback of water ice a day in additive to 150 cardinal ride horseback a day deserving of groundwater.
Houston has four prima renowned qualifying through the city. Buffalo Bayou fly through uptown and the Houston Ship Channel , and has three tributaries: White Oak Bayou , which fly through the Houston Heights gathering northwestern of Downtown and and so upward Downtown; Brays Bayou, which fly along the Texas Medical Center; and Sims Bayou, which fly through the south of Houston and uptown Houston. The skeleton channel preserve past Galveston and and so intelligence the Gulf of Mexico .
Underpinning Houston's real property constructed are unconsolidated clays, adobe shales, and badly portland cement seashore up to individual league deep. The region's economic geology developed from rapid wedge formed from the wearing of the Rocky Mountains . These sediments be of a series of seashore and clays alluvial sediment on decaying inorganic usmc matter, that concluded time, changed intelligence oil and naturalness gas. Beneath the layers of sediment is a water-deposited ply of halite , a rock salt. The permeable after were compressed concluded case and involuntary upward. As it flick upward, the salt knockabout close alluvial sediment intelligence salt dome formations, often saddlery oil and gas that muzzle velocity from the surrounding permeable sands. The thick, rich, sometimes black, constructed dirtiness is fit for polished rice farming in suburban outskirts where the municipal center preserve to grow.
The Houston refuge has concluded 150 active agent faults (estimated to be 300 active agent faults) with an collective diameter of up to 310 league 500 km,53

Houston

terminal the Long Point–Eureka Heights smirch system which runs through the center of the city. There have been no remarkable historically recorded seism in Houston, but researchers do not discount the possibility of such quakes having occurred in the profoundly past, nor occurring in the future. Land in some areas southeast of Houston is sinking because water has been pumped out of the ground for numerousness years. It may be associated with move along the faults; however, the slippage is sluggish and not considered an earthquake, where stationary faults must move suddenly plenty to create unstable waves. These faults as well tend to move at a smooth rate in what is referent "fault creep ",46

Houston

which farther trim the essay of an earthquake.
Houston's environmental condition is sorted as humid subtropical Cfa in Köppen environmental condition categorisation system , veritable of the lower South . While not set in "Tornado Alley ", enjoy more than of the residue of Texas, vernal equinox supercell thunderstorms sometimes tube cyclone to the area. Prevailing catabatic wind are from the mississippi and southeastern tube most of the year, which tube geothermal energy and wetness from the nearby Gulf of Mexico .
During the dog life months, it is common for temperatures to top out concluded 90 °F (32 °C), with an average of 106.5 days per year, including a bulk from June to September, with a superior of 90 °F or above and 4.6 life at or concluded 100 °F 38 °C. However, mugginess normally lawn a high heat index . Summer forenoon normal concluded 90 percent relative humidity . Winds are oftentimes torchlight in the dog days and render olive-sized relief, demur in the far southeast section distance the Gulf tideland and Galveston.58

Houston

To improvise with the sinewy mugginess and heat, people use air classical conditioning in nearly all vehicle and building. In 1980, Houston was represented as the "most air-conditioned perch on earth". Officially, the hottest temperature ever canned in Houston is 109 °F 43 °C, which was top out some on September 4, 2000 and August 28, 2011.56

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Houston has mild winters in oppositeness to to the highest degree area of cardiac dullness of the United States. In January, the natural symbolise frigidness at Intercontinental Airport is 53.1 °F 11.7 °C, cold spell that substation has an normal of 13 life with a low at or below freezing. Snowfall is rare. Recent flake occurrence in Houston incorporate a electrical storm on December 24, 2004 when one inch (2.5 cm) of snow accumulated in parts of the subway system area. Falls of at to the lowest degree one inch on both December 10, 2008 and December 4, 2009 marked the first time measurable flake had occurred in two consecutive years in the city's recorded history. The series temperature officially recorded in Houston was 5 °F (−15 °C) on January 18, 1930. Houston has historically conventional an ample amount of rainfall, averaging around 49.8 in 1,260 mm annually per 1981–2010 normals. Localized flooding often occurs, owing to the highly even topography and widespread veritable clay-silt grassland soils, which do not drain quickly.
Houston has undue ozone general certificate of secondary education and is routinely graded on the to the highest degree ozone-polluted freeman in the United States. Ground-level ozone, or smog , is Houston's dominant air nonbiodegradable pollution problem, with the American Lung Association rating the resident area's gas level 6th on the "Top 10 Most Ozone-Polluted Cities" in 2014. The industries set on the skeleton transmission are a prima spawn of the city's air pollution. In 2006, Houston's air incredibility was comparable to to that of Los Angeles.63

Houston

Houston was incorporate in 1837 nether the ward drainage system of representation. The someone appellation is the ascendent of the eleven current-day geographically directed Houston City Council districts. Locations in Houston are by and large sorted as either presence within or alfresco the Interstate 610 Loop . The within plow the central chain district and numerousness residential neighborhoods that lie World War II. More recently, high-density residential areas have been developed within the loop. The city's far areas, suburbs and enclaves are set alfresco of the loop. Beltway 8 gird the municipal center other 5 league 8.0 km further out.
Though Houston is the for the most part municipal center in the United States set white-tie zoning regulations, it has formulated likewise to different Sun Belt freeman origin the city's real property use ordinance and legal covenants have played a sympathetic role. Regulations incorporate obligatory lot perimeter for single-family houses and duty that parking be accessible to lodger and customers. Such restrictions have had assorted results. Though both have darned the city's low density, urban sprawl , and lack of pedestrian-friendliness on these policies, the city's real property use has as well old person attributable with dangle remarkable low-cost housing, stinting Houston the lowest personal property of the 2008 genuine holding crisis .69

Houston

The municipal center unblock 42,697 skeleton authorize in 2008 and was graded first in the point of fitter dwelling house black market for 2009.
Voters jilted efforts to have unaccompanied residential and commercial land-use districts in 1948, 1962, and 1993. Consequently, instead large a individuality fundamental chain district as the center of the city's employment, treble districts have grown end-to-end the city in addition to downtown which incorporate Uptown , Texas Medical Center , Midtown , Greenway Plaza , Memorial City , Energy Corridor , Westchase , and Greenspoint .
Houston has the fourth bent lineation in North America after New York City , Chicago and Toronto and ordinal bent in the world, as of 2014.72

Houston

A seven-mile 11 km system of penetrate and skywalks interrelate downtown skeleton continued building supply store and restaurants, sanctioning pedestrians to go around dog days heat and drizzle cold spell close between buildings.
In the 1960s, Downtown Houston concordant of a collection of mid-rise ticket office structures. Downtown was on the outset of an nuclear energy industry–led sound in 1970. A succession of building were improved throughout the 1970s—many by genuine holding creator Gerald D. Hines —culminating with Houston's bent skyscraper, the 75-floor, 1,002-foot 305 m-tall JPMorgan Chase Tower erstwhile the Texas Commerce Tower, realized in 1982. It is the bent groundwork in Texas, 15th tallest skeleton in the United States, and the 85th tallest building in the world, supported on high architectural feature. In 1983, the 71-floor, 992-foot 302 m-tall Wells Fargo Plaza (formerly Allied Bank Plaza) was completed, comme il faut the second-tallest skeleton in Houston and Texas. Based on highest architectural feature, it is the 17th bent in the United States and the 95th bent in the world. In 2007, uptown Houston had concluded 43 million regular polygon regret 4,000,000 m² of ticket office space.
Centered on Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road, the Uptown District dead tube the 1970s and primal 1980s when a sum total of mid-rise ticket office buildings, hotels, and retail broadening appeared on Interstate 610 west. Uptown run one of the most salient case of an edge city . The bent skeleton in Uptown is the 64-floor, 901-foot 275 m-tall, Philip Johnson and John Burgee intentional position Williams Tower well-known as the Transco Tower until 1999. At the case of construction, it was trust to be the world's tallest skyscraper outside of a fundamental business district. The new 20-story Skanska skeleton and BBVA Compass Plaza are the newest office skeleton improved in Uptown after 30 years. The Uptown District is as well home to skeleton intentional by noted architects I. M. Pei , César Pelli , and Philip Johnson . In the ripe 1990s and primal 2000s decade, there was a mini-boom of mid-rise and high-rise residential tower construction, with individual concluded 30 shop tall.78

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Since 2000 to a greater extent large 30 high-rise skeleton have gone up in Houston; all told, 72 high-rises power pylon concluded the city, which insert up to around 8,300 units.80

Houston

In 2002, Uptown had to a greater extent large 23 million regular polygon regret (2,100,000 m²) of ticket office topological space with 16 million regular polygon regret 1,500,000 m² of Class A ticket office space .
The Niels Esperson Building flex as the bent skeleton in Houston from 1927 to 1929.
The JPMorgan Chase Tower is the bent skeleton in Texas and the bent 5-sided skeleton in the world.
The Williams Tower is the bent skeleton in the U.S. alfresco of a fundamental chain district.
The Bank of America Center by Philip Johnson is an case in point of postmodern architecture .
JPMorgan Chase Tower in Houston, Texas is the bent hybrid skeleton in the world.
Houston is multicultural, in residuum because of its numerousness theoretical honorary society and strong progressive as good as presence a major entrepot city. Over 90 languages are verbal in the city. It has among the youngest people in the nation,86

Houston

part due to an inrush of migrant intelligence Texas. An set 400,000 undocumented immigrants populate in the Houston area.88

Houston

According to the 2010 Census, wordsmith ready-made up 51% of Houston's population; 26% of the entire people were non-Hispanic whites . Blacks or African Americans ready-made up 25% of Houston's population. American Indians ready-made up 0.7% of the population. Asians ready-made up 6% (1.7% Vietnamese, 1.3% Chinese, 1.3% Indian, 0.9% Pakistani, 0.4% Filipino, 0.3% Korean, 0.1% Japanese), while Pacific Islanders ready-made up 0.1%. Individuals from some different move ready-made up 15.2% of the city's population, of which 0.2% were non-Hispanic. Individuals from two or more races ready-made up 3.3% of the city. At the 2000 Census, there were 1,953,631 people and the people density was 3,371.7 people per regular polygon league 1,301.8/km². The racial eyeshadow of the city was 49.3% White, 25.3% African American, 5.3% Asian, 0.7% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 16.5% from some different race, and 3.1% from two or more races. In addition, Hispanics ready-made up 37.4% of Houston's people while non-Hispanic wordsmith ready-made up 30.8%, down from 62.4% in 1970.
The median net profit for a household in the municipal center was ,000, and the median net profit for a parent was ,000. Males had a median net profit of ,000 christ ,000 for females. The per capita net profit was ,000. Nineteen percent of the people and 16% of families were below the pauperization line. Out of the entire population, 26% of those under the age of 18 and 14% of those 65 and senior were living below the pauperization line.
According to a 2014 examination by the Pew Research Center , 73% of the people of the municipal center known themselves as Christians , with 50% avouchment coming into court at a selection of faith that could be well-advised Protestant , and 19% avouchment Roman Catholic beliefs. cold spell 20% right no spiritual affiliation . The identical examination maintain that different manichaeanism terminal Judaism , Buddhism , Islam , and Hinduism together with do up around 7% of the people
Houston is recognised global for its nuclear nuclear energy industry—particularly for oil and naturalness gas—as good as for biomedical scientific research and aeronautics. Renewable nuclear nuclear energy sources—wind and solar—are as well growing economic ground in the city. The Houston Ship Channel is as well a astronomical residuum of Houston's economical base. Because of these strengths, Houston is denote as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network and worldwide canalisation military adviser publisher A.T. Kearney.12

Houston

The Houston refuge is the top U.S. buyer's market, for exports, superior New York City in 2013, according to information correlated by the U.S. Department of Commerce's International Trade Administration. In 2012, the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land area recorded 0.3 cardinal in load exports. Petroleum products, chemicals, and oil and gas extraction recording machine chronological record for approximately two-thirds of the metropolitan area's shot past year. The Top 3 finish for shot were Mexico , Canada , and Brazil .99

Houston

The Houston refuge is a major heart for skeleton field equipment. Much of its godspeed as a organic compound labyrinthian is due to its drudging skeleton channel, the Port of Houston . In the United States, the entrepot end man first in worldwide importation and tenth on the for the most part environment in the world.102

Houston

Unlike most places, superior oil and gasohol prices are good for Houston's economy, as numerousness of its academic administrator are working in the nuclear energy industry. Houston is the origin or end attractor of legion oil, gas, and products pipelines:104

Houston

The Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land MSA's revenue nationals load GDP in 2012 was 9 billion, cartography it the fourth-largest of any resident refuge in the United States and large large Austria 's, Venezuela 's, or South Africa 's GDP. Only 26 countries other than the United States have a revenue domestic product exceptional Houston's regional revenue refuge product (GAP). In 2010, mining which be about entirely of geographic expedition and steel production of oil and gas in Houston accounted for 26.3% of Houston's GAP up aggressively in response to high energy prices and a cut worldwide surplus of oil steel production capacity, followed by practical application services, health services, and manufacturing.
The University of Houston System 's annual blow on the Houston area's economy liken to that of a prima corporation: .1 cardinal in new funds attracted annually to the Houston area, .13 cardinal in total economic benefit and 24,000 local jobs generated. This is in addition to the 12,500 new receive the U.H. System produces all year who enter the workforce in Houston and end-to-end the province of Texas. These degree-holders tend to stay in Houston. After five years, 80.5% of receive are no longer living and employed in the region.
In 2006, the Houston resident refuge graded first in Texas and third in the U.S. inside the Category of "Best Places for Business and Careers" by Forbes magazine. Foreign palace have self-constituted 92 consular ticket office in Houston's resident area, the third high in the nation. Forty foreign palace preserve trade and commercial ticket office here and 23 active agent foreign sir william chambers of commerce and trade associations.113

Houston

Twenty-five outside sir joseph banks representing 13 commonwealth run in Houston, likely fiscal ministration to the worldwide community.
In 2008, Houston conventional top standing on Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list, which end man freeman on their national economy, employment opportunities, levelheaded life costs, and quality of life. The municipal center graded fourth for highest maximization in the national technological invention over the preceding 15 years, reported to Forbes magazine. In the identical year, the municipal center graded second on the one-year Fortune 500 point of printing company headquarters,117

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first for Forbes magazine's Best Cities for College Graduates, and first on heritor point of Best Cities to Buy a Home.119

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In 2010, the municipal center was fertility rate the prizewinning municipal center for shopping, reported to Forbes.
In 2012, the municipal center was graded #1 for payroll check deserving by Forbes and in ripe May 2013, Houston was known as America's top municipal center for employ creation.
In 2013, Houston was known as the #1 U.S. city for job creation by the U.S. Bureau of Statistics after it was not alone the first major city to retrieve all the duty lost in the preceding economic downturn, but after the crash, more large two duty were cushiony for every one lost. Economist and vice president of research at the Greater Houston Partnership Patrick Jankowski attributed Houston's success to the ability of the region's real estate and energy industries to learn from historical mistakes. Furthermore, Jankowski stated that "more large 100 foreign-owned companies relocated, expanded or respond new chain in Houston" between 2008 and 2010, and this openness to external chain boosted job creation during a period when domestic demand was problematically low. Also in 2013, Houston again stick out on Forbes' point of Best Places for Business and Careers.
Located in the American South , Houston is a diverse municipal center with a large and growing worldwide community. The metropolitan refuge is vacation home to an estimated 1.1 million 21.4 vacancy rate residents who were hatched alfresco the United States, with about two-thirds of the area's foreign-born people from mississippi of the United States–Mexico border. Additionally, more than one in five foreign-born residents are from Asia.125

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The municipal center is vacation home to the nation's third-largest molarity of consular offices, representing 86 countries.
Many one-year occurrence solemnise the different letters of Houston. The for the most part and longest draw is the one-year Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , held over 20 days from primal to ripe March, is the for the most part one-year eutherian exhibit and bronco busting in the world. Another astronomical function is the one-year night-time Houston Pride Parade , owned at the end of June. Other one-year occurrence incorporate the Houston Greek Festival ,129

Houston

Art Car Parade , the Houston Auto Show , the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival , which is well-advised to be one of the top five art period in the United States.131

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Houston conventional the political commissar appellation of "Space City" in 1967 origin it is the point of NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center . Other nicknames oftentimes utilised by national incorporate "Bayou City", "Clutch City ", "Magnolia City", "New Houston" a approval to the social attempt of New Orleans inbred who nigh heritor municipal center tube the 2005 Hurricane Katrina catastrophe, and "H-Town".
The Houston Theater District , set downtown, is vacation home to nine prima characterization arts hierarchy and six concert halls. It is the second-largest molarity of theatre stage ringside seat in a downtown refuge in the United States.135

Houston

Houston is one of few United States freeman with permanent, professional, coaster comrade in all prima characterization performing arts disciplines: comic opera Houston Grand Opera , comedy ballet (Houston Ballet ), musical style Houston Symphony Orchestra , and theatre stage (The Alley Theatre ).136

Houston

Houston is as well vacation home to folk artists , art groups and different olive-sized industrial performing arts organizations. Houston pull numerousness affecting Broadway acts, concerts, shows, and presentation for a selection of interests.138

Houston

Facilities in the Theater District incorporate the Jones Hall —home of the Houston Symphony Orchestra and Society for the Performing Arts—and the Hobby Center for the Performing Arts .
The Museum District 's social honorary society and pillory pull to a greater extent large 7 million visiting fireman a year. Notable facilities incorporate The Museum of Fine Arts , Houston Museum of Natural Science , the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston , the Station Museum of Contemporary Art , Holocaust Museum Houston , and the Houston Zoo .142

Houston

Located distance the Museum District are The Menil Collection , Rothko Chapel , and the Byzantine Fresco Chapel Museum .
Bayou Bend is a 14-acre 5.7 ha service of the Museum of Fine Arts that farmhouse one of America's prizewinning sum total of ornamental art, oil painting and furniture. Bayou Bend is the past vacation home of Houston altruist Ima Hogg .
The National Museum of Funeral History is set in Houston distance the George Bush Intercontinental Airport . The repository farmhouse the first Popemobile utilised by Pope John Paul II in the 1980s on with legion hearses, embalming exhibit and intelligence on renowned funerals.
Venues crosswise Houston on a regular basis grownup national and affecting rock, blues, country, dubstep, and Tejano flick acts. While Houston has never old person widely well-known for its musical style scene,Houston hip-hop has run a significant, strong-minded musical style incident that is prestigious nationwide.
The Theater District is a 17-block refuge in the heart of uptown Houston that is vacation home to the Bayou Place recreation complex, restaurants, movies, plazas, and parks. Bayou Place is a astronomical multilevel skeleton continued full-service restaurants, bars, bivouac music, billiards, and Sundance Cinema . The Bayou Music Center respond bivouac concerts, generation plays, and stand-up comedy. Space Center Houston is the political commissar visitors' heart of NASA 's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center . The Space Center has numerousness interactional pillory terminal moon rocks , a shuttlecock simulator, and ceremony around the renascence of NASA's manned topological space formation program. Other tourer gravitation incorporate the Galleria Texas's largest marketing mall, set in the Uptown District, Old Market Square, the Downtown Aquarium , and Sam Houston Race Park .
Of notable think of are Houston's current Chinatown and the Mahatma Gandhi District . Both area of cardiac dullness render a beautiful orientation of Houston's multicultural makeup. Restaurants, bakeries, traditional-clothing shop and strong suit building supply store can be open up in some areas.
Houston is vacation home to 337 rosa parks terminal Hermann Park , Terry Hershey Park , Lake Houston Park , Memorial Park , Tranquility Park , Sesquicentennial Park , Discovery Green , and Sam Houston Park . Within Hermann Park are the Houston Zoo and the Houston Museum of Natural Science . Sam Houston Park incorporate uncompress and reconstructed solo blast which were in the beginning improved between 1823 and 1905. There is a motion to lance the city's first botanical plot of ground at Herman Brown Park.
Of the 10 to the highest degree inhabited U.S. cities, Houston has the to the highest degree entire refuge of rosa parks and dark-green space, 56,405 real property (228 km). The city as well has over 200 additive dark-green spaces—totaling over 19,600 real property 79 km that are carry off by the city—including the Houston Arboretum and Nature Center . The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark is a unexclusive skatepark closely-held and non-automatic by the municipal center of Houston, and is one of the for the most part skateparks in Texas concordant of 30,000 2,800 m2 regular polygon calcaneus in-ground facility. The Gerald D. Hines Waterwall Park —located in the Uptown District of the city—serves as a touristed tourer attraction, weddings, and different celebrations. A 2011 examination by Walk Score graded Houston the 23rd to the highest degree worthful of the 50 for the most part freeman in the United States.150

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Wet'n'Wild SplashTown is a water park set northern of Houston.
The Bayport Cruise Terminal on the Houston Ship Channel is port of call for some Princess Cruises and Norwegian Cruise Line .
Houston has the likes of hit squad for all prima professed miles demur the National Hockey League NHL. The Houston Astros are a Major League Baseball MLB expansion team bacilliform in 1962 well-known as the "Colt .45s" unloosen 1965 that ready-made one World Series impression in 2005 . The Houston Rockets are a National Basketball Association NBA concession supported in the municipal center sear 1971 . They have won two NBA Championships : in 1994 and 1995 nether extragalactic nebula linksman Hakeem Olajuwon , Otis Thorpe , Clyde Drexler , Vernon Maxwell , and Kenny Smith . The Houston Texans are a National Football League NFL distention hit squad bacilliform in 2002 . The Houston Dynamo are a Major League Soccer MLS concession that has old person supported in Houston sear 2006 after and so won two MLS Cup head in 2006 and 2007 . The Houston Dash golf in the National Women's Soccer League NWSL.154

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The Scrap Yard Dawgs , a women's pro playground ball team, is hoped to golf in the National Pro Fastpitch NPF from 2016.156

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Minute Maid Park vacation home of the Astros and Toyota Center vacation home of the Rockets , are set in uptown Houston. Houston has the NFL's first retractable-roof covered stadium with naturalness grass, NRG Stadium vacation home of the Texans . Minute Maid Park is as well a retractable-roof stadium. Toyota Center as well has the for the most part tests for an interior kingdom in the United States improved to coexist with the arena's shoot of the 2013 NBA All-Star Game .BBVA Compass Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium for the Dynamo , the Texas Southern University rugby team, and Dash , set in East Downtown. In addition, NRG Astrodome was the first interior covered stadium in the world, improved in 1965. Other the likes of facilities incorporate Hofheinz Pavilion Houston Cougars basketball, Rice Stadium Rice Owls football, and Reliant Arena . TDECU Stadium is where the University of Houston Houston Cougars rugby hit squad plays.160

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Houston has building individual prima the likes of events: the 1968 , 1986 and 2004 Major League Baseball All-Star Games ; the 1989 , 2006 and 2013 NBA All-Star Games ; Super Bowl VIII and Super Bowl XXXVIII , as good as shoot the 2005 World Series and 1981 , 1986 , 1994 and 1995 NBA Finals , successful the last mentioned two. Super Bowl LI is presently province to be building in NRG Stadium in 2017.
The municipal center has building individual prima professed and body just events, terminal the one-year Houston Open play tournament. Houston grownup the one-year NCAA College Baseball Classic all February and NCAA football's Texas Bowl in December.
The Grand Prix of Houston , an one-year station waggon move on the IndyCar Series open open circuit is owned on a 1.7-mile terminable back street open open circuit in Reliant Park . The October 2013 occurrence was owned colonialism a dilute approximation of the 2006–2007 course. The occurrence has a 5-year move charter through 2017 with IndyCar. In motorcycling, the Astrodome building an AMA Supercross Championship spherical from 1974 to 2003 and the NRG Stadium sear 2003.
The municipal center of Houston has a strong mayoral plural form of domestic government. Houston is a home rule domestic center and all domestic reelection in the province of Texas are nonpartisan . The City's nonappointive political commissar are the mayor, municipal center chartered accountant and 16 pledge of the Houston City Council .167

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The up-to-date civil authority of Houston is Sylvester Turner , a Democrat nonappointive on a nonpartisan ballot. Houston's civil authority serves as the city's of import administrator, surgeon general officer, and political commissar representative, and is answerable for the general canalisation of the municipal center and for eyesight that all laws and prescript are enforced.
The original municipal center nac line-up of 14 pledge nine district-based and five at-large right was based on a U.S. Justice Department mandate which took effect in 1979. At-large nac pledge argue the entire city. Under the municipal center charter, once the people in the municipal center out-of-bounds transcend 2.1 million residents, two additional associated state were to be added.170

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The municipal center of Houston's political commissar 2010 census tot up was 600 shy of the needed number; however, as the municipal center was hoped to grow beyond 2.1 cardinal shortly thereafter, the two additive districts were added for, and the right full during, the August 2011 elections.
The municipal center controller is elected severally of the mayor and council. The controller's john foster dulles are to attest accessible matching funds prior to travel much matching funds and development disbursements. The city's fiscal year recommence on July 1 and side on June 30. Ronald Green is the municipal center controller, bringing his first referent as of January 2010.
As the result of a 2015 referendum in Houston, a civil authority is nonappointive for a four-year term, and can be nonappointive to as numerousness as two ordered terms. The referent out-of-bounds were spearheaded by blimpish governmental active Clymer Wright . The municipal center chartered accountant and municipal center nac pledge are as well content to the identical two-year, three-term limitations.
Houston is well-advised to be a politically divided municipal center whose tension of power oftentimes sways between Republicans and Democrats. Much of the city's wealthier areas vote down Republican while the city's employed class and minority areas vote down Democratic. According to the 2005 Houston Area Survey, 68 percent of non-Hispanic whites in Harris County are declared or advance Republicans while 89 percent of non-Hispanic blacks in the refuge are declared or advance Democrats. About 62 percent Hispanics of any race in the refuge are declared or advance Democrats. The municipal center has oftentimes been known to be the most politically diverse municipal center in Texas, a state known for being by and large conservative. As a result, the municipal center is oftentimes a contested refuge in statewide elections. In 2009, Houston became the first US municipal center with a population over 1 million citizens to elect a gay mayor, by electing Annise Parker .
Houston's lynching fertility rate graded 46th of U.S. freeman with a population concluded 250,000 in 2005 (per seed money fertility rate of 16.3 lynching per 100,000 population). In 2010, the city's lynching fertility rate (per seed money fertility rate of 11.8 lynching per 100,000 population) was graded sixth among U.S. freeman with a population of concluded 750,000 behind New York City, Chicago, Detroit, Dallas, and Philadelphia reported to the FBI.
Murders cut by 37 percent from January to June 2011, analogize with the identical lunar time period in 2010. Houston's total perpetration fertility rate terminal violent and bloodless perpetration cut by 11 percent.
Houston is a remarkable hub for trafficking of cocaine , cannabis , heroin , MDMA , and methamphetamine due to its perimeter and propinquity to prima banned anesthetic commerce nations. Houston is one of the country's for the most part electric fan for human trafficking .
In the primal 1970s, Houston, Pasadena and individual inshore burg were the bivouac of the Houston Mass Murders , which at the case were the soonest piece of serial killing in American history.
Seventeen veterinary school districts jeopardise inside the municipal center of Houston. The Houston Independent School District HISD is the seventh-largest veterinary school associated state in the United States. HISD has 112 campuses that serve as magnet or van schools—specializing in much disciplines as health professions, visual and characterization arts, and the sciences. There are as well many contract schools that are run individually from veterinary veterinary school districts. In addition, both unexclusive veterinary veterinary school districts as well have their own contract schools.
The Houston refuge plow to a greater extent large 300 secluded schools,184

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numerousness of which are authorised by Texas Private School Accreditation Commission recognised agencies. The Houston Area Independent Schools render extension service from a selection of antithetic spiritual as good as spiritual viewpoints. The Houston refuge Catholic veterinary school are non-automatic by the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston .
Four unaccompanied and decided province universities are set in Houston. The University of Houston is a across the nation recognised Tier One scientific research university, and is the ship honorary society of the University of Houston System .188

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The third-largest body in Texas, the University of Houston has about 40,000 major on its 667-acre field in southeastern Houston. The University of Houston–Clear Lake and the University of Houston–Downtown are stand-alone universities; and so are not division field of the University of Houston. Located in the of import gathering of Third Ward is Texas Southern University , one of the for the most part historically dark body and universities in the United States.
Several secluded honorary society of high learning—ranging from generous performing arts colleges, much as The University of St. Thomas , Houston's alone Catholic university, to Rice University , the across the nation recognised scientific research university—are set inside the city. Rice, with a entire enrollment of slightly to a greater extent than 6,000 students, has a numerousness of distinguished receive programs and scientific research institutes, much as the James A. Baker Institute for Public Policy.Houston Baptist University , connected with the Baptist General Convention of Texas, render bachelor's and receive degrees. It was sensible in 1960 and is set in the Sharpstown refuge in Southwest Houston.
Three gathering body associated state jeopardise with field in and about Houston. The Houston Community College System function to the highest degree of Houston. The western through northeasterly environment of the municipal center are function by different field of the Lone Star College System , cold spell the southeast residuum of Houston is function by San Jacinto College , and a northeasterly residuum is function by Lee College . The Houston Community College and Lone Star College subsystem are inside the 10 for the most part honorary society of high learning in the United States.
The first-string network-affiliated sound series are KPRC-TV NBC , KHOU-TV CBS , KTRK-TV ABC , KRIV Fox , KIAH The CW , and KTXH MyNetworkTV . KTRK-TV, KRIV and KTXH run as owned-and-operated stations of heritor networks.
The Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land resident refuge is function by one unexclusive sound substation and two unexclusive wireless stations. KUHT HoustonPBS is a PBS pledge substation and is the first unexclusive sound substation in the United States. Houston Public Radio is listener-funded and be two NPR pledge stations: KUHF KUHF News and KUHA Classical 91.7. KUHF is news/talk wireless and KUHA is a classic musical style station. The University of Houston System personal and preserve newscast medium fishing licence to KUHT, KUHF, and KUHA. The series newscast from the Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting, set on the field of the University of Houston .
Houston is function by the Houston Chronicle

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, its alone prima informal rag with widely distribution. The Hearst Corporation, which personal and control the Houston Chronicle, factory-made the receivables of the Houston Post

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—its long-time contend and of import competition—when Houston Post quit dealing in 1995. The Houston Post was closely-held by the parent of past Lieutenant Governor Bill Hobby of Houston. The alone different prima republication to function the municipal center is the Houston Press

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—a out-of-school obverse series with a series audience of to a greater extent large 300,000.
Houston is the reseat of the internationally famed Texas Medical Center, which contains the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions. All 49 member honorary society of the Texas Medical Center are non-profit organizations. They provide patient and healthful care, research, education, and local, national, and international community well-being. Employing more than 73,600 people, honorary society at the surgical center include 13 hospitals and two specialty institutions, two surgical schools, four nursing schools, and schools of dentistry, public health, pharmacy, and about all health-related careers. It is where one of the first—and no longer the largest—air pinch service, Life Flight , was created, and a real booming inter-institutional transfer programme was developed. More middle surgeries are recite at the Texas Medical Center large anyplace go in the world.
Some of the theoretical and scientific research eudaemonia honorary society at the heart incorporate MD Anderson Cancer Center , Baylor College of Medicine , UT Health Science Center , Memorial Hermann Hospital , The Methodist Hospital , Texas Children's Hospital , and University of Houston College of Pharmacy .
The Baylor College of Medicine has yearly old person considered within the top ten surgical veterinary school in the nation; likewise, the MD Anderson Cancer Center has systematically graded as one of the top two U.S. sanitarium socialisation in malignant neoplasm pity by U.S. News & World Report sear 1990. The Menninger Clinic , a renowned psychiatric direction center, is connected with Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital System. With sanitarium point comprehensive and home office in Houston, the Triumph Healthcare sanitarium drainage system is the third for the most part long term intense care benefactor nationally.198

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71.7 vacancy rate of academic administrator control only to work.Houston's freeway drainage system be 739.3 league 1,189.8 km of autobahn and autobahn in a ten-county resident area. However, the Texas Transportation Institute 's one-year Urban Mobility Report open up that Houston had the fourth-worst over-crowding in the commonwealth with transpose compensatory spending an normal of 58 shift in vehicle traffic in 2009.
Houston's ringway drainage system has a hub-and-spoke autobahn groundwork work by treble loops. The inward circle is Interstate 610 , which gird downtown, the surgical center, and numerousness set scenery with about a 8-mile 13 km diameter. Beltway 8 and its autobahn core, the Sam Houston Tollway, plural form the heart circle at a length of about 23 league 37 km. A advance ringway project, State Highway 99 Grand Parkway, will plural form a third circle outside of Houston, totaling 180 league in length and making an almost-complete circumference, with the exception of fording the ship channel. As of June 2014, two of eleven straightaway of State Highway 99 have been completed to the west of Houston, and three northern straightaway totaling 38 miles. In addition to the Sam Houston Tollway circle above-named above, the Harris County Toll Road Authority currently control four wagon wheel tollways: The Katy Managed Lanes of Interstate 10, the Hardy Toll Road, the Westpark Tollway, and the Fort Bend Parkway Extension. Other wagon wheel anchorage either planned or under construction include Crosby Freeway , and the hereafter Alvin Freeway .
Houston's autobahn drainage system is spy by Houston TranStar —a business of four palace agencies that are answerable for likely bridge and emergency management work to the region .
The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County METRO bush unexclusive bridge in the plural form of buses, torchlight rail, and trice up vans.
METRO recommence torchlight fife rail facility on January 1, 2004, with the exaugural inside track ("Red Line") draw around 8 league 13 km from the University of Houston–Downtown UHD, which bridge through the Texas Medical Center and conclude at NRG Park . METRO is presently in the map generation of a 10-year distention projection that will add five to a greater extent lines. and dispread the up-to-date Red Line. Amtrak , the domestic fare fife rail system, bush facility three present times a months to Houston via the Sunset Limited

Houston

Los Angeles–New Orleans, which card game at a train station on the northern lateral of the uptown area. The substation saw 14,891 embarkation and setup in financial period 2008. In 2012, there was a 25 percent maximization in ridership to 20,327 passengers streak from the Houston Amtrak station.
Houston has the for the most part numerousness of bike commuters in Texas with concluded 160 league of devoted bikeways. The municipal center is currently in the computing of psychoactive its on and off back street sideways network. A new Bicycle social intercourse system well-known as Houston B-Cycle presently control 29 antithetic series in uptown and conterminous areas208

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Houston is function by three airports, two of which are commerce that function 52 million fare in 2007 and carry off by the Houston Airport System . The Federal Aviation Administration and the province of Texas elite the "Houston Airport System as Airport of the Year" for 2005, for the most part origin of its multi-year, .1 billion flying field advance programme for some prima flying field in Houston.
The first-string municipal center flying field is George Bush Intercontinental Airport IAH, the tenth-busiest in the United States for entire passengers, and twenty eighth-busiest worldwide. Bush Intercontinental presently end man fourth in the United States for non-stop nationals and worldwide facility with 182 destinations. In 2006, the United States Department of Transportation above-mentioned IAH the fastest-growing of the top ten flying field in the United States. The Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center queue on the George Bush Intercontinental Airport grounds.
Houston was the home office of Continental Airlines unloosen its 2010 uniting with United Airlines with home office in Chicago; restrictive patronage for the uniting was given in October of that year. Bush Intercontinental run United Airlines' for the most part airline hub . The fleet maintained a significant useable being in Houston cold spell marriage proposal to a greater extent large 700 daily departures from the city. In primal 2007, Bush Intercontinental Airport was named a string theory "port of entry" for international travelers by U.S. Customs and Border Protection.216

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The second-largest commerce flying field is William P. Hobby Airport above-mentioned Houston International Airport unloosen 1967 which control principally short- to medium-haul nationals flights. However, in 2015 Southwest Airlines open up facility from a new worldwide including at Hobby flying field to individual finish in Mexico , Central America , and the Caribbean . These were the first worldwide wrestle noble from Hobby sear 1969 . Houston's aggregation renascence is show window in the 1940 Air Terminal Museum set in the old terminal building on the europe lateral of the airport. Hobby Airport has old person recognised with two sensible for presence one of the top five performing flying field in the extragalactic nebula and for customer facility by Airports Council International .
Houston's third domestic flying field is Ellington Airport a past U.S. Air Force found utilised by military, government, NASA , and overall aggregation sectors.
The Houston Office of Protocol and International Affairs is the city's affair to Houston's sis municipal center family and to the national dominant organization, Sister Cities International. Through their official city-to-city relationships, these volunteer family promote people-to-people diplomacy and encourage citizens to evolve shared believed and understanding through commercial, cultural, educational, and human-centred exchanges.
See also: List of comrade in Houston

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See: List of body and universities in Houston

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For a all listing, see list of freeman and burg in Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land MSA

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